MUN Guides
84 free guides to running a Model UN committee, for chairs, delegates and secretariats.
Premium Guides
All premium guidesThe opening sections are free to read. The rest comes with Gavelling Unlimited.
The Best Delegate Playbook: how award winners actually win
What chairs watch for, and a plan for every session of the conference.Unlock with UnlimitedPremium guide · For chairs
Chairing so the room loves you
Run a room delegates trust, enjoy and remember for the right reasonsUnlock with UnlimitedPremium guide · For organisers
The Sponsorship Playbook: funding your conference or delegation
Find, pitch, sign and renew sponsors with a method, not a mass email.Unlock with UnlimitedStart here
How to Run a Model UN Committee: Chair's Complete Guide (2026)
10 min read
What Is Model UN? A Complete Beginner's Explanation
9 min read
Model UN for Beginners: Your First Conference, Hour by Hour
9 min read
How to Write a MUN Position Paper: Format, Tips & Examples
10 min read
How to Chair Your First MUN Committee: Practical Guide for New Chairs
11 min read
How to Start a MUN Conference From Scratch
10 min readChairing
Running the room, from the gavel down.
Photo: PSS 2011, CC BY-SA 3.0How to Write a MUN Crisis Directive: Three Kinds, Four Worked Examples
What a directive is, the difference between public, private and press, and full annotated examples with the backroom response each one earns
Photo: HMUNO Secretariat, CC BY-SA 3.0How to Handle Difficult Delegates: Eight Problems and the Exact Intervention
The eight delegates who derail a committee, the smallest fix for each, the words to say from the dais, and the point at which it stops being yours to handle
Photo: Gejdiv, CC BY-SA 4.0How to Become a MUN Chair: Applying, Interviewing and Getting Picked
What secretariats look for in a chair application, what the interview really tests, and how to get your first dais
Photo: Akbarali, CC BY-SA 4.0How to Write a MUN Background Guide (Study Guide): Structure, Template and Schedule
A structure that produces a guide delegates actually read, a page budget for each section, and a six-week schedule that gets it done on time
Photo: Dean Calma, IAEA, CC BY-SA 2.0How to Judge a MUN Committee: The Chair’s Scoring Rubric
Five criteria, a weighting you can defend, how to take evidence during a session, and the biases that quietly decide most award slates
Photo: Forest Hills Eastern High School, CC BY-SA 4.0MUN Award Categories Explained: Every Award and What It Means
Best Delegate, Outstanding, Honourable Mention, Verbal Commendation, best paper and delegation awards: what each one signals and how many a committee gives
Photo: Astrid Riecken for CTBTO, CC BY 2.0How to Run a Crisis Committee: Arc, Backroom and Pacing
Designing a crisis arc before the conference, staffing a backroom, pacing updates, and the three moves that recover a committee whose story has died
Photo: UKinUSA (UK Mission to the UN), CC BY-SA 2.0The MUN Crisis Backroom: How Crisis Staff Actually Work
What happens to a directive after you hand it up: triage, writing updates, playing characters, keeping a world bible, and saying no well
Photo: Artbox33, CC BY-SA 4.0How to Keep Debate Moving When a MUN Committee Stalls
Diagnose a quiet, circular or chaotic room, then eleven interventions with the exact words to say from the dais
Photo: Houses of the Oireachtas, CC BY 2.0How to Run a Moderated Caucus in MUN: Chair Guide
Complete chair guide to opening, managing speaker time, keeping order, and closing a moderated caucus.
Photo: Chuck Kennedy, U.S. Department of State, public domainMUN Crisis Committee Guide: How Crisis Committees Work
Crisis arcs, directive writing, backroom vs frontroom, and how to perform as a delegate in a MUN crisis committee.
Photo: Dean Calma, IAEA, CC BY-SA 2.0MUN Chair Script: Exact Phrases for Every Situation
Word-for-word chair language for opening, roll call, GSL, caucuses, voting, points of order, and closing.
Photo: wil540, CC BY-SA 4.0Online MUN Committees: How to Chair and Participate Remotely
Managing procedure remotely, keeping delegates engaged, and the tools that work for virtual and hybrid MUN.
Photo: 外院模联 (CFAU Model UN), CC BY-SA 3.0How to Run a Model UN Committee: Chair's Complete Guide (2026)
Step-by-step guide covering roll call, GSL, caucuses, voting procedures, and closing the session.
Photo: Andrea2016228, CC BY-SA 3.0How to Chair Your First MUN Committee: Practical Guide for New Chairs
A warm, practical guide for first-time chairs covering preparation, opening, debate management, and handling the unexpected.
For delegates
Speeches, papers, blocs and the awards at the end of them.
Photo: Patrick Gruban, CC BY-SA 2.0Model UN Committee Types Explained: Which One Should You Pick?
Every kind of committee on a conference list, what debate actually feels like in each, and who it suits
Photo: ITU Pictures, CC BY 2.0Is Model UN Worth It? An Honest Answer
What Model UN is genuinely worth on an application and in working life, which skills really transfer, and when it is a waste of your weekends
Photo: Matthew from London, CC BY-SA 2.0How to Research Your Country for MUN: A Method, Not a Reading List
Find your country’s actual position in one evening using voting records, treaty reservations and mission statements, and take one page into committee
Photo: Houses of the Oireachtas, CC BY 2.0MUN Speech Examples: Twelve Speeches, Under a Minute Each
Full worked speeches for the opening, the caucus, the vote, the reply and the close, with the timing marks and why each one works
Photo: HMUNO Secretariat, CC BY-SA 3.0Common MUN Mistakes: 25 Errors Chairs See Every Weekend
The research, writing, speaking, procedure and bloc mistakes that cost delegates the room, each with the specific thing to do instead
Photo: UKinUSA (UK Mission to the UN), CC BY-SA 2.0Negotiation and Diplomacy in MUN: How to Get Your Clause Into Someone Else’s Resolution
Interests over positions, mapping the room, what you actually have to trade, and how to merge papers without losing the clause you came for
Photo: Spiff, CC BY-SA 3.0What Is Model UN? A Complete Beginner's Explanation
What actually happens in a Model UN committee, from roll call to the final vote, explained in ten minutes for someone who has never been in the room
Photo: Gejdiv, CC BY-SA 4.0MUN Position Paper Examples: Three Full Papers, Annotated
Three complete Model UN position papers at three quality levels, with the chair notes on each and the exact reason the weak one scores low
Photo: MusikAnimal, CC BY-SA 4.0Preambulatory and Operative Clauses: The Complete Phrase List
Every accepted preambulatory and operative phrase, what each one commits the committee to, and which verbs a General Assembly committee is not allowed to use
Photo: Rob Young, CC BY 2.0Model UN Resolution Example: A Full Resolution, Line by Line
One complete draft resolution, annotated clause by clause with the politics behind each line, plus the amended version that passed and the vote that carried it
Photo: HMUNO Secretariat, CC BY-SA 3.0Model UN for Beginners: Your First Conference, Hour by Hour
A walkthrough of your first Model UN conference from the registration desk to the closing ceremony, with the one thing to do in each hour
Photo: Dean Calma, IAEA, CC BY-SA 2.0What to Wear to Model UN: The Dress Code, Explained Plainly
What western business attire actually means, a workable outfit on a student budget, the shoe mistake everyone makes once, and what chairs really notice
Photo: HMUNO Secretariat, CC BY-SA 3.0MUN Head Delegate Guide: Leading a School Delegation
The job nobody writes down: selecting a delegation, distributing assignments, running preparation, holding the team together at a conference, and handing it over
Photo: U.S. Mission Geneva, CC BY 2.0MUN Country Profiles: Policy Briefs for 20 Commonly Assigned Countries
A one-screen policy brief for the countries assigned most often, plus the blank template to build one for any delegation you are given
Photo: Dean Calma, IAEA, CC BY-SA 2.0University Model UN: How It Differs From High School MUN
What changes at university level: preparation depth, committee types, travel team selection, funding, staffing, and what MUN is actually worth afterwards
Photo: U.S. Department of State, public domainMUN Press Corps: How a Press Committee Works and How to Win in One
The two press models, what a press delegate does all day, the article forms, interviewing without disrupting a room, and how to run a press committee
Photo: Forest Hills Eastern High School, CC BY-SA 4.0Putting Model UN on Your CV and University Application
How to write four years of Model UN into three lines that a reader who was not there will believe
Photo: Scimun, CC BY-SA 4.0MUN Delegate Tips: How to Stand Out in Any Committee
Practical tips for research, speeches, bloc-building, and winning Best Delegate at any MUN conference.
Photo: Akbarali, CC BY-SA 4.0How to Write a MUN Position Paper: Format, Tips & Examples
Step-by-step guide to the correct format, what to include, common mistakes, and examples that impress chairs.
Photo: PSS 2011, CC BY-SA 3.0How to Write a MUN Resolution: Clauses, Format & Examples
Preambulatory clauses, operative clauses, correct format, sponsor rules, and getting your resolution passed.
Photo: MUNorg, CC BY-SA 4.0How to Prepare for a MUN Conference: Complete Pre-Conference Checklist
Week-by-week preparation timeline: research, position papers, practice speeches, rules, and what to pack.
Photo: KSbangera, CC BY-SA 4.0MUN Public Speaking Tips: How to Speak Confidently in Committee
Structure speeches, manage nerves, use your voice effectively, and make every speaking slot count.
Photo: Houses of the Oireachtas, CC BY 2.0How to Write a MUN Opening Speech: Templates and Examples
Four-part structure, length guide, real example speeches, and the most common mistakes to avoid.
Photo: Morgan Owuor Odhiambo, CC BY-SA 4.0MUN Working Paper Guide: How to Draft, Merge, and Introduce
Writing working papers quickly, getting sponsors, merging blocs, and converting to a draft resolution.
Photo: Astrid Riecken for CTBTO, CC BY 2.0MUN Bloc Building: How to Form and Lead a Coalition
How to find allies, draft collaboratively, handle defections, and lead a coalition to a passed resolution.
Photo: Wikiedior129293, CC BY-SA 4.0MUN Awards Guide: How Best Delegate Is Chosen
What chairs look for, how to improve your score, and what consistently disqualifies delegates from awards.
Rules and procedure
What the rules actually say, and what conferences actually do.
Photo: Office of the President, Taiwan, CC BY 2.0Points in MUN: Order, Inquiry, Information and Personal Privilege
All four points, what each is for, whether it can interrupt a speaker, the exact wording, and how the circuits differ
Photo: Patrick Gruban, CC BY-SA 2.0MUN Glossary: Every Term, Explained Plainly
Every word you will hear in a committee room, defined in one sentence, with what it means in practice and the terms people get wrong
Photo: Nick-D, CC BY-SA 4.0THIMUN Rules of Procedure: The Complete Guide
How debate actually runs under THIMUN procedure, and exactly what changes if you learned Model UN on the North American circuit
Photo: Rob Young, CC BY 2.0UNA-USA Rules of Procedure: The Complete Guide
The UNA-USA ruleset as it is actually run, from setting the agenda to rights of explanation, including the five rules most conferences quietly modify
Photo: Artbox33, CC BY-SA 4.0THIMUN vs UNA-USA vs Harvard Style: MUN Procedures Compared
The three main families of Model UN procedure side by side, what transfers between them, what actively misleads you, and which to run at your own conference
Photo: Morgan Owuor Odhiambo, CC BY-SA 4.0Unmoderated Caucus in MUN: What It Is and How to Use It
What an unmoderated caucus is, how delegates should use the time, and tips for chairs on managing unmod periods.
Photo: Tahamct, CC BY-SA 4.0MUN Voting Procedures Explained: In Favour, Against, Abstain
Simple majority, supermajority, roll call votes, abstentions, and everything else about voting in MUN committees.
Photo: MusikAnimal, CC BY-SA 4.0MUN Rules of Procedure: Complete Reference Guide
Points, motions, yields, quorum, voting thresholds, and how rules differ across major MUN conferences.
Photo: Astrid Riecken for CTBTO, CC BY 2.0MUN Security Council Guide: Veto, P5, and How UNSC Works
Veto power, P5 dynamics, procedure differences, and how to chair or delegate in a Security Council simulation.
Photo: PSS 2011, CC BY-SA 3.0MUN Amendments Explained: Friendly vs Unfriendly, How to Submit
Friendly and unfriendly amendments, how to submit them, voting order, and strategic use in committee.
Photo: Houses of the Oireachtas, CC BY 2.0Right of Reply in MUN: When and How to Use It
What qualifies for a right of reply, how to request it, chair discretion, and how to use it effectively.
Photo: Gejdiv, CC BY-SA 4.0Tour de Table in MUN: What It Is and How Chairs Run It
How tour de table differs from the GSL, when to use it, and how chairs manage it with software.
Photo: Scimun, CC BY-SA 4.0Points of Order in MUN: When to Use Them and When Not To
What qualifies as a point of order, how to raise it correctly, and how chairs should rule, for delegates and chairs.
Photo: Spiff, CC BY-SA 3.0General Speakers List (GSL) in MUN: Complete Guide for Chairs and Delegates
Everything you need to know about the GSL: how it works, yielding time, points, and chair tips.
Photo: Eric Bridiers, U.S. Mission Geneva, CC BY 2.0MUN Motions Explained: Types, How to Propose, and Voting Rules
A complete reference for every motion type: moderated caucus, unmoderated caucus, adjournment, and more.
For organisers
Planning a conference, briefing a dais, getting through the day.
Photo: Matthew from London, CC BY-SA 2.0MUN Country Allocation: An Organiser’s Guide to Seating a Conference
How to turn a pile of delegate applications into a seated conference: preference forms, double delegations, committee balance and the reallocation requests you can prevent
Photo: Spiff, CC BY-SA 3.0MUN Conference Registration and Payments: Fees, Invoices and Refunds
How to take money from schools in six countries without losing track of who paid, plus a refund policy you can publish before the first payment arrives
Photo: Akbarali, CC BY-SA 4.0How to Start a MUN Club at Your School: From Proposal to First Conference
Getting the approval, finding an advisor, recruiting members, an eight-week first term, and the succession plan that stops the club dying in year three
Photo: Andrea2016228, CC BY-SA 3.0Recruiting and Running a MUN Secretariat: Roles, Team Size and Handover
Every secretariat role, what it actually does week by week, how big a team you need at your size, and the handover that decides whether the conference survives
Photo: Artbox33, CC BY-SA 4.0How to Start a MUN Conference From Scratch
The whole job of founding a Model UN conference, from the first meeting to the closing gavel, with what it genuinely costs and what you can skip in year one
Photo: 外院模联 (CFAU Model UN), CC BY-SA 3.0MUN Conference Budget: What It Costs and How to Set Your Fees
A real line-item budget for a Model UN conference, how to price a delegate fee that covers it, and the four costs first-time organisers forget
Photo: Wikiedior129293, CC BY-SA 4.0MUN Closing Ceremony: How to Run Awards Without a Controversy
Award policy set before the conference, slates collected from chairs, ratification, delegation tallies, and a run of show that takes 45 minutes
Photo: Nick-D, CC BY-SA 4.0Accessible MUN Conferences: A Practical Inclusion Guide for Organisers
What to change so your conference is genuinely attendable: venue, documents, committee procedure, cost, and the access statement that increases attendance
Photo: wil540, CC BY-SA 4.0How to Host an Online or Hybrid MUN Conference: The Organiser Guide
Time zones, session length, the software stack, running caucus remotely, the hybrid trap, chair workload, fees, and the test week you cannot skip
Photo: ITU Pictures, CC BY 2.0MUN Visa Invitation Letters: What to Write, When, and What Not to Promise
What a conference invitation letter must contain, lead times, who signs it, the sentences to leave out, and how to handle a refusal
Photo: Office of the President, Taiwan, CC BY 2.0Marketing a MUN Conference: How to Fill Your Committees
How delegations actually decide which conference to attend, and how to reach them before the other conference does
Photo: Astrid Riecken for CTBTO, CC BY 2.0Running Conference Day: The MUN Operations Manual
An hour-by-hour run of show for both days of a Model UN conference, and the fifteen things that go wrong
Photo: Forest Hills Eastern High School, CC BY-SA 4.0MUN Team Fundraising: How to Pay for Conferences
Nine ways school Model UN teams actually raise the money, ranked by what they return per hour of work
Photo: KSbangera, CC BY-SA 4.0MUN Conference Sponsorship: Finding and Keeping Sponsors
What sponsors are actually buying, what to offer at each tier, and the proposal that gets a meeting
Photo: Tahamct, CC BY-SA 4.0Choosing MUN Conferences: A Circuit Guide for Teams
How to build a season that develops your team instead of exhausting it, and how to read a conference before you commit
Photo: Houses of the Oireachtas, CC BY 2.0Safeguarding at MUN Conferences: A Policy Guide for Organisers
The safeguarding policy a student-run Model UN conference needs, and the situations it has to cover
Photo: MUNorg, CC BY-SA 4.0Chaperoning a MUN Delegation: The Trip Guide for Advisors
Everything to arrange before you travel with a Model UN delegation, and the rules to set once you arrive
Photo: HMUNO Secretariat, CC BY-SA 3.0The MUN Club Curriculum: Ten Sessions to a First Conference
Ten ready-to-run hour-long sessions that take a group with no experience to a real Model UN conference
Photo: PattayaPatrol, CC BY-SA 4.0MUN Conference Venue and Logistics: How to Choose and What to Ask
How many rooms a Model UN conference needs, what each one must have, and everything to ask before you sign
Photo: Dean Calma, IAEA, CC BY-SA 2.0MUN Director Guide: How to Run a Model UN Conference
Planning committees, briefing chairs, managing logistics, overseeing awards, and wrapping up successfully.
Photo: Dean Calma, IAEA, CC BY-SA 2.0How to Plan a MUN Conference: Step-by-Step for Schools and Clubs
Complete planning timeline: venue, committees, background guides, registration, technology, and conference day.
Photo: HMUNO Secretariat, CC BY-SA 3.0MUN Faculty Advisor Guide: How to Prepare and Support Your Team
Building a MUN programme, choosing conferences, reviewing position papers, and supporting delegates at the event.
Tools and comparisons
What the software does, what it costs, and where each one wins.
Photo: Rob Young, CC BY 2.0mymun Alternative 2026: mymun and MUN Command vs Gavelling
MUN Command is mymun’s software and the brands are merging. What it costs, what its free tier does not save, and where each tool actually wins.
Photo: MUNorg, CC BY-SA 4.0Best MUN Software in 2026: Full Comparison for Chairs and Directors
Gavelling, MUN Command, Muncoordinated, wxMUN, spreadsheets, and timer apps compared: features, pricing, and which fits your conference.
Photo: Andrea2016228, CC BY-SA 3.0MUN Command vs Gavelling: Honest Comparison & Free Alternative (2026)
MUN Command charges €1 per user per day. Gavelling covers sessions and conference management free. Full side-by-side.
Photo: HMUNO Secretariat, CC BY-SA 3.0Muncoordinated vs Gavelling: Which Free MUN Software in 2026?
Two free MUN tools, two very different scopes: open-source dais tool vs full conference platform. Honest comparison.
Photo: Akbarali, CC BY-SA 4.0Free MUN Tools in 2026: Best Software for Chairs and Delegates
A detailed comparison of free MUN tools: Gavelling, spreadsheets, timer apps, and what actually works in a real session.
Photo: wil540, CC BY-SA 4.0MUN Technology Guide: Software, Apps, and Tools for Modern Committees
Committee management software, document collaboration, delegate apps, and what chairs and directors need.
Photo Credits
Every photograph on these guides is used under an open licence or is in the public domain, and is credited beside it. If a photo is yours and you would like it credited differently or removed, email wearegavelling@gmail.com.
- A large committee room at Beijing Model United Nations, with delegates seated in rows of desks under a line of national flags. Photo: 外院模联 (CFAU Model UN), CC BY-SA 3.0
- Two delegates in the Security Council at Jakarta Model United Nations, seated at a table with a laptop and a Philippines placard. Photo: MUNorg, CC BY-SA 4.0
- Two student chairs presiding over a Security Council committee at a Model United Nations conference, seated behind a laptop and microphone. Photo: Andrea2016228, CC BY-SA 3.0
- Rows of empty delegation desks on the floor of the UN General Assembly Hall, facing the gold wall and UN emblem behind the podium. Photo: Rob Young, CC BY 2.0
- Students at Thessaloniki Model United Nations working at their laptops around a council table with small national flags. Photo: HMUNO Secretariat, CC BY-SA 3.0
- The United Nations General Assembly Hall in New York, seen from the back of the hall, with rows of delegation desks facing the podium and the UN emblem. Photo: Spiff, CC BY-SA 3.0
- Delegates at the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva holding up their country name panels to ask for the floor. Photo: Eric Bridiers, U.S. Mission Geneva, CC BY 2.0
- A young delegate stands to speak from his seat in the chamber of Leinster House during European Youth Parliament Ireland. Photo: Houses of the Oireachtas, CC BY 2.0
- A delegate standing and speaking with his hands raised to a group of seated delegates during an unmoderated caucus. Photo: Morgan Owuor Odhiambo, CC BY-SA 4.0
- Delegates at Bratislava Model United Nations raising their country placards during a committee vote. Photo: Tahamct, CC BY-SA 4.0
- Delegates raising white country placards to vote in the Disarmament Committee of the Southern China International Model United Nations. Photo: Scimun, CC BY-SA 4.0
- Students with laptops and tablets at a workshop on researching Model UN position papers, a presenter beside a projected slide. Photo: Akbarali, CC BY-SA 4.0
- A delegate in a suit reading his papers at a Model United Nations committee table, with small flags and a United States placard in front of him. Photo: PSS 2011, CC BY-SA 3.0
- The UN Trusteeship Council chamber in New York: a horseshoe table in the middle of curved rows of seats, with a wooden statue at the end of the room. Photo: MusikAnimal, CC BY-SA 4.0
- A meeting of the UN Security Council in New York: ambassadors seated around the horseshoe table with advisers behind them. Photo: Astrid Riecken for CTBTO, CC BY 2.0
- A high-level meeting of the UN Security Council, seen from the gallery, with the chamber mural behind the horseshoe table. Photo: Chuck Kennedy, U.S. Department of State, public domain
- A speaker in a dark suit addressing a Model United Nations conference from a podium, with delegates and flags behind him. Photo: KSbangera, CC BY-SA 4.0
- Student delegates seated along the benches of a debating chamber in Leinster House during European Youth Parliament Ireland. Photo: Houses of the Oireachtas, CC BY 2.0
- A model Security Council in session, delegates seated around a large table behind small flags and nameplates. Photo: Gejdiv, CC BY-SA 4.0
- The dais of a committee at the Vienna International Model United Nations: three men in suits seated behind a long table with microphones. Photo: Dean Calma, IAEA, CC BY-SA 2.0
- Diplomats standing and talking in the UN Security Council chamber before a meeting begins. Photo: Astrid Riecken for CTBTO, CC BY 2.0
- A student delegation celebrating as it accepts the Best Delegation award in the General Assembly Hall at UN Headquarters in New York. Photo: Wikiedior129293, CC BY-SA 4.0
- University students debating at the Vienna International Model United Nations, seated behind microphones and country placards. Photo: Dean Calma, IAEA, CC BY-SA 2.0
- A hybrid meeting in a library room: people at tables with laptops while remote participants appear on a projected video call. Photo: wil540, CC BY-SA 4.0
- A large group of student delegates in formal clothes posing together at Athens Model United Nations. Photo: HMUNO Secretariat, CC BY-SA 3.0
- The UN Economic and Social Council chamber in New York, with tiered delegation seating around a central table. Photo: Patrick Gruban, CC BY-SA 2.0
- Students and the Director-General of the UN Office at Geneva seated together at a Model UN conference held at the International Telecommunication Union. Photo: ITU Pictures, CC BY 2.0
- Nameplates for Turkey and the Russian Federation on the curved table of the UN Security Council chamber. Photo: Matthew from London, CC BY-SA 2.0
- Four students in suits holding the award certificates and gavel plaque they won at a Model United Nations conference. Photo: Forest Hills Eastern High School, CC BY-SA 4.0
- The British and United States ambassadors confer with their teams at their seats in the UN Security Council after a vote. Photo: UKinUSA (UK Mission to the UN), CC BY-SA 2.0
- The General Assembly of International North Model United Nations meeting in a curved conference hall. Photo: Artbox33, CC BY-SA 4.0
- Students at a Model United Nations conference at National Chengchi University in Taipei holding up large country placards. Photo: Office of the President, Taiwan, CC BY 2.0
- The Assembly Hall of the Palais des Nations in Geneva, seen from a delegate's desk, with long rows of desks facing the stage. Photo: Nick-D, CC BY-SA 4.0
- A full session of the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva, delegations seated in curved rows of desks. Photo: U.S. Mission Geneva, CC BY 2.0
- Journalists seated at a press conference in a meeting room at the United Nations in Geneva, with a speaker at a table at the front. Photo: U.S. Department of State, public domain
- A large hotel conference hall set up with rows of white-covered chairs facing a stage. Photo: PattayaPatrol, CC BY-SA 4.0